Spatial analysis of water quality and income in Europe

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between water quality and income within European Union, considering spatial interdependences across countries. To end, we apply a econometrics framework using panel data, at national level, for twenty EU countries seventeen years, 1998 2014. Furthermore, account role human livestock population size, institutional economic openness quality. Results show that significant EKC seen with an inverted N-shaped Water decreasing in low levels, increasing when GDP per capita medium deteriorating high levels. Eight out have levels associated declining Spatial spillovers are significant. Higher density lower quality, while trade positively